{"id":7095,"date":"2021-12-22T13:55:43","date_gmt":"2021-12-22T11:55:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/facias.ro\/?p=7095"},"modified":"2022-08-04T10:53:02","modified_gmt":"2022-08-04T07:53:02","slug":"ghid-practic-contracarare-fake-news-dezinformare-identificare-validare-si-utilizarea-informatiilor-reale-si-utile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/facias.ro\/eng\/ghid-practic-contracarare-fake-news-dezinformare-identificare-validare-si-utilizarea-informatiilor-reale-si-utile\/","title":{"rendered":"Ghid practic: contracarare fake news \/ dezinformare- identificare, validare \u0219I utilizarea informa\u021biilor reale \u0219i utile"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Fenomenul Fake-News sun\u0103 incitant \u0219i produce efecte. \u00cen realitate este un fenomen de dezinformare care cre\u0219te rapid pentru c\u0103 \u0219i informa\u021bia circul\u0103 mult mai rapid.<\/p>\n<p>Realiz\u0103m acest material pentru c\u0103, la opt luni de la demararea proiectului \u201dFii informat, nu abuzat!\u201d am putut vedea c\u0103, deseori, lipsa de informa\u021bii corecte \u0219i la timp, a condus la situa\u021bii abuzive de care se folosesc, la nevoie, chiar cei care au un interes.<\/p>\n<p>Am \u00eent\u00e2lnit situa\u021bii reclamate de mul\u021bi dintre dumneavoastr\u0103, care ar fi putut fi pre\u00eent\u00e2mpinate dac\u0103 avea\u021bi la dispozi\u021bie informa\u021bii corecte, dac\u0103 nu v-a\u021bi fi bazat prea mult pe al\u021bii \u0219i mai mult pe dumneavoastr\u0103 (care v\u0103 pute\u021bi ap\u0103ra cel mai bine un interes).<\/p>\n<p>Prin toate episoadele Ghidului Practic, disponibil gratuit, la Rubrica dedicat\u0103 proiectului, pe pagina web a FACIAS, am f\u0103cut pa\u0219ii importan\u021bi pentru ca dumneavoasr\u0103 s\u0103 utiliza\u021bi instrumente utile \u00een rezolvarea problemelor cu care v\u0103 confrunta\u021bi. Se spune c\u0103 cine de\u021bine informa\u021bia, de\u021bine puterea, fapt demonstrat adesea \u00een ultimul timp.<\/p>\n<p>Poate nu ve\u021bi utiliza mereu instrumentele de care v\u0103 vorbim noi \u00een Ghidul Practic, dar, cel pu\u021bin, \u0219ti\u021bi c\u0103 le ave\u021bi undeva \u0219i, la nevoie, v\u0103 pute\u021bi \u00eentoarce la ele, pentru a le folosi \u00een anumite situa\u021bii, dac\u0103 ve\u021bi considera necesar.<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219a cum am spus, de fiecare data, mai bine ca noi, fiecare \u00een parte, nu ne ap\u0103r\u0103 cineva interesele \u0219i este important s\u0103 \u0219tim cum s\u0103 facem asta.<\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">De ce este important s\u0103 \u0219tim de unde ne lu\u0103m informa\u021biile \u0219i cum le verific\u0103m \u00een raport cu interesul nostru?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Deseori suntem tenta\u021bi s\u0103 ac\u021bion\u0103m \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, \u00een baza unor informa\u021bii care, spuse des \u0219i vocal, cap\u0103t\u0103 valoare de adev\u0103r \u0219i nu mai consum\u0103m timpul s\u0103 ne \u00eentreb\u0103m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cine are de c\u00e2\u0219tigat?<\/li>\n<li>de ce ni se livreaz\u0103 o informa\u021bie?<\/li>\n<li>de ce atunci \u0219i nu \u00een alt moment?<\/li>\n<li>ce se a\u0219teapt\u0103 de la noi?<\/li>\n<li>ce istoric au cei care ne furnizeaz\u0103 informa\u021bii \u0219i ne cer s\u0103 ac\u021bion\u0103m?<\/li>\n<li>ce beneficii am eu?<\/li>\n<li>m\u0103 ajut\u0103 sau nu?<\/li>\n<li>pe cine ajut\u0103?<\/li>\n<li>de ce, de exemplu, vom reg\u0103si, adesea, cam acelea\u0219i persoane, deseori folosite ca instrumente utile, \u00een diverse campanii?<\/li>\n<li>de ce \u0219i cine folose\u0219te conturi false \u00een re\u021belele sociale pentru a genera presiune \u0219i a \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tia informa\u021bii?<\/li>\n<li>cei care ne \u00eendeamn\u0103 s\u0103 facem ceva sau altceva au credibilitate?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dac\u0103, dup\u0103 ce ne punem aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u0219i altele, avem \u00een continuare \u00eencredere \u00een ce auzim\/citim, atunci este posibil s\u0103 ajungem la concluzia c\u0103 avem de-a face cu date reale.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2teva exemple banale, dar cu efecte:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>verificarea celor care ne cer votul, pentru ca apoi s\u0103 nu fim surprin\u0219i c\u0103 am votat pentru cineva care va reprezenta alte interese dec\u00e2t ale noastre<\/li>\n<li>ni s-a f\u0103cut o nedreptate: Este sau nu abuz? Ce am de f\u0103cut? Ce lege a \u00eenc\u0103lcat cel care mi-a f\u0103cut nedreptatea, ce am de f\u0103cut? Unde sunt informa\u021biile reale \u0219i utile?<\/li>\n<li>ni se cere s\u0103 semn\u0103m peti\u021bii peste peti\u021bii: am \u00een\u021beles demersul? Am verificat mai \u00een profunzime?<\/li>\n<li>avem o boal\u0103 crunt\u0103: Cine de\u021bine informa\u021bii utile pentru noi? Exist\u0103 programe na\u021bionale de s\u0103n\u0103tate? Am nevoie d asigur\u0103ri de s\u0103n\u0103tate? Ce condi\u021bii trebuie s\u0103 \u00eendeplinesc?<\/li>\n<li>am aflat c\u0103 se organizeaz\u0103 concursuri pentru un post pentru care ne consider\u0103m preg\u0103ti\u021bi: institu\u021bia a fost transparent\u0103 \u00een trecut? Am vorbit cu angaja\u021bii de acolo s\u0103 \u0219tim cum percep ei mediul de lucru \u00een care activeaz\u0103? \u0218tim ce avem de f\u0103cut dac\u0103 suntem nedrept\u0103\u021bi\u021bi la concurs?<\/li>\n<li>consider\u0103m c\u0103 suntem nedrept\u0103\u021bi\u021bi: \u0219tim sigur acest lucru, avem dovezi (putem fi, de exemplu,nemul\u021bumi\u021bi de o decizie, \u00eens\u0103 nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 automat c\u0103 ni se \u00eencalc\u0103 un drept)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sunt, vede\u021bi bine, multe situa\u021bii \u00een care lu\u0103m decizii \u00een baza informa\u021biilor sau \u00eei l\u0103s\u0103m pe al\u021bii s\u0103 decid\u0103 \u00een locul nostru.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">I. De ce se dezvolt\u0103 \u201dfake-news\u201d, cui serve\u0219te ?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>\u00cen cadrul proiectului \u201dFii informat, nu abuzat!\u201d FACIAS&nbsp; a livrat informa\u021bii corecte, validate prin legi \u0219i a ar\u0103tat, deseori, cum ne ob\u021bine informa\u021bia corect\u0103, cum o verific\u0103m, evident, raportat la scopul proiectului, acela de a \u0219ti cum s\u0103 ne cunoa\u0219tem drepturile \u00een raport cu institu\u021biile statului, cum s\u0103 identific\u0103m un abuz comis de stat, dar \u0219i cum s\u0103 identific\u0103m instrumentele legale \u0219i cele mai practice pentru a ne ap\u0103ra aceste drepturi.<\/p>\n<p>Dezinformarea poate face r\u0103u \u0219i este firesc s\u0103 \u0219tim ce avem de f\u0103cut pentru a ne baza pe informa\u021bii reale atunci c\u00e2nd decidem s\u0103 facem ceva. Altfel, dac\u0103 informa\u021biile pe care ne baz\u0103m nu sunt reale \u0219i eforturile noastre bazate pe le, vor duce nic\u0103ieri sau chiar ne pot afecta negativ demersurile.<\/p>\n<p>Sunt informa\u021bii de tip \u201dfake-news\u201d care pot fi inofensive, pu\u021bin p\u0103guboase sau generatoare de pierderi uria\u0219e. Putem emite legi pentru a le opri. Nu s-ar reu\u0219i, \u00een totalitate. Dar, cine verific\u0103 veridicitatea informa\u021biilor? Un soft? Poate fi foarte bun, dar \u021bine el cont de toate criteriile de verificare \u0219i validare? Este analiza de con\u021binut concludent\u0103? Are nevoie de verificare uman\u0103? Este el costisitor pentru utilizatori? Poate, la r\u00e2ndul lui, softul, s\u0103 fie p\u0103c\u0103lit \u0219i s\u0103 gireze anumite informa\u021bii care par autentice din mediul online, dar, rezultatul s\u0103 fie o eroare?<\/p>\n<p>Pot p\u0103c\u0103li super-speciali\u0219tii \u00een comunicare aceste solu\u021bii software, pentru a furniza \u00een pia\u021b\u0103 informa\u021bii de tip Fake-news (\u0219tiri nici total false, nici total adev\u0103rate, dar foarte credibile) utile unor grupuri de interese? Categoric, da! Cine crede\u021bi c\u0103 a dus dezinformarea la nivel de art\u0103 gener\u00e2nd un adev\u0103rat fenomen Fake-News \u00een lupta pentru accesul la pie\u021be tot mai mari \u0219i eliminarea competitorilor din diverse pie\u021be de interes (indiferent de domeniul de activitate)?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>II.Cauzele de baz\u0103 ale dezvolt\u0103rii fenomenului fake-news (dezinformare)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Cele mai importante patru cauze ale amplorii fenomenului sunt:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Existen\u021ba unor super exper\u021bi \u00een comunicare, chiar neetici, ce pun interesul clientului (clientul poate fi chiar o institu\u021bie a statului) \u00eenainte de orice, iar pentru ei, scopul scuz\u0103 mijloacele \u0219i folosesc arta manipul\u0103rii cu talent. Fenomenul s-a dezvoltat pentru c\u0103 a folosit cuiva care a investit.<\/li>\n<li>Informa\u021bia, evident, poate fi furnizat\u0103 \u015fi diseminat\u0103, \u00een online, \u00een special, de oricine, iar acest lucru nu prea se poate schimba, \u00eens\u0103 putem \u0219ti cum ne alegem sursele de informare, cum le valid\u0103m. Au ap\u0103rut solu\u021bii software, \u0219i ele realizate tot de oameni. Speciali\u0219tii care lucreaz\u0103 la realizarea acestor solu\u021bii software au pornit, \u00een general, de la verificarea \u0219i validarea informa\u021biilor \u021bin\u00e2nd cont de anumite criterii de baz\u0103, criterii prezentate \u00een cele dou\u0103 tabele prezentate \u00een Ghidul \u201dbasic\u201d de verificare \u0219i validare a informa\u021biilor de care avem nevoie.<\/li>\n<li>Deprofesionalizarea mass-media (c\u00e2teva cauze: subfinan\u021bare, salarii nepl\u0103tite, lipsa \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103rii pe tot parcursul vie\u021bii, lipsa unor m\u0103suri care s\u0103 ajute bran\u0219a la dezvoltare sustenabil\u0103)\/\u0219i a comunicatorilor.<\/li>\n<li>Deprofesionalizarea unei p\u0103r\u021bi \u00eensemnate a angaja\u021bilor\/deciden\u021bilor din institu\u021biile statului pentru c\u0103, deseori, din p\u0103cate, merge \u0219i a\u0219a, iar noi nu ne mai consum\u0103m energia s\u0103 vedem ce este real \u0219i ce nu, iar cel care \u021bip\u0103 mai tare tinde s\u0103 par\u0103 c\u0103 are \u0219i dreptate, ceea ce este, adesea, nereal.<\/li>\n<li>Credem ce convine sistemului nostru valoric, creat \u00een timp, \u00een func\u021bie de ce am consumat, ca informa\u021bie.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">III.&nbsp;Solu\u021bia cea mai simpl\u0103 contra Fake-news: \u00een\u021belegerea<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Nu putem fi to\u021bi cunosc\u0103tori ai artei manipul\u0103rii \u0219i este chiar obositor s\u0103 facem asta mereu, \u00eens\u0103, c\u00e2nd conteaz\u0103 pentru noi, avem solu\u021bii de baz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Vor exista legi, vor exista solu\u021bii software\u2026 Pot ele g\u00e2ndi \u00een locul nostru? Categoric, pot ajuta, dar noi trebuie s\u0103 g\u00e2ndim. Ce facem dac\u0103 nu avem o companie care s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i permit\u0103 achizi\u021bia unei solu\u021bii software? Ce facem dac\u0103 avem o astfel de companie, dar la realizarea acesteia au participat\/au finan\u021bat chiar competitorii no\u0219tri care ne vor cota de pia\u021b\u0103?<\/p>\n<p>Putem verifica individual, noi singuri, \u0219i este c\u00e2t se poate de simplu, cu condi\u021bia s\u0103 g\u00e2ndim activ.<\/p>\n<p>Evident, dac\u0103 vom considera c\u0103 merit\u0103 efortul nostru\u2026 Ne \u00eentreb\u0103m: de ce a ap\u0103rut informa\u021bia \u00een spa\u021biul public\/de ce \u00een acel moment \u0219i nu \u00een altul\/este parte a unui plan mai amplu de comunicare strategic (chiar \u0219i \u00een sensul neetic al cuv\u00e2ntului)\/cui folose\u0219te aceast\u0103 informa\u021bie? cine are de pierdut? este util\u0103 pentru mine? pot fi \u00een publicul \u021bint\u0103? etc.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>IV. Cum alegem\/cernem informa\u021bia bun\u0103, valid\u0103, real\u0103?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Solu\u021biile de baz\u0103 sunt:<br \/>\n\u2013 Educa\u021bia;<br \/>\n\u2013 G\u00e2ndirea critic\u0103 (ne punem \u00eentreb\u0103ri);<br \/>\n\u2013 Respectarea unui cod etic minimal;<br \/>\n\u2013 Utilizarea adecvat\u0103 a tehnologiei;<br \/>\n\u2013 Reprofesionalizarea celor care livreaz\u0103 informa\u021bia: jurnali\u0219tii, comunicatorii, deciden\u021bii din institu\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>Aceste solu\u021bii sunt foarte bune, \u00eens\u0103 necesit\u0103 timp. Ce putem face acum? Nu exist\u0103 un vaccin pentru dezinformare\/manipulare, \u00eens\u0103 venim cu o solu\u021bie practic\u0103, imediat\u0103 \u0219i la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Este mai u\u0219or s\u0103 accept\u0103m informa\u021bii \u201dfake\u201d \u0219i s\u0103 le prelu\u0103m pentru c\u0103 suntem oameni \u0219i ne lovim de erori de g\u00e2ndire uman\u0103. Nu \u021bine de gradul de inteligen\u021b\u0103, ci de anumite erori de g\u00e2ndire uman\u0103, de lipsa unei g\u00e2ndiri critice, de obi\u0219nuin\u021be. Se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 oricui.<\/p>\n<p>Mai departe vom prezenta c\u00e2teva instrumente practice care pot fi utilizate<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>V.\u201eCheck-list\u201d&nbsp;pentru depistarea dezinform\u0103rii (fake-news)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Am identificat c\u00e2teva metode pentru validarea informa\u021biilor din online \u0219i din surse tradi\u021bionale. Este un \u201echeck list\u201d foarte util. V\u0103 invit\u0103m s\u0103 apela\u021bi, la nevoie, la aceste instrumente atunci c\u00e2nd ave\u021bi nevoie. Sunt utile nu doar pentru noi, \u00een calitate de cet\u0103\u021beni \u00een raport cu institu\u021biile statului, dar \u0219i pentru alte organiza\u021bii \u00een care lucreaz\u0103 oameni care, \u00een munca lor se bazeaz\u0103 pe informa\u021biile din spa\u021biul public.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7096\" src=\"https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1108\" height=\"829\" srcset=\"https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732.png 1108w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732-1024x766.png 1024w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732-768x575.png 768w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732-370x277.png 370w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732-770x576.png 770w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132732-600x449.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1108px) 100vw, 1108px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7097\" src=\"https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754.png 850w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754-768x577.png 768w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754-370x278.png 370w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754-770x579.png 770w, https:\/\/facias.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Captura-de-ecran-2021-12-22-132754-600x451.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>VI.Sistem de surse online \u2013 Exploatarea surselor online- instrumente pentru verificarea informa\u021biilor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Era informa\u0163ional\u0103 a indus schimb\u0103ri profunde \u00een modul de exploatare a informa\u021biilor. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 oportunit\u0103\u0163i \u015fi avantaje, comunicarea digitalizat\u0103 lanseaz\u0103 \u015fi provoc\u0103ri precum:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em> Reg\u0103sirea datelor:<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\na. Identificarea resurselor (motoare de c\u0103utare, directoare web)<br \/>\nb. Interogarea \u2013 metode de interogare complex\u0103 a motoarelor de c\u0103utare<\/li>\n<li><strong><em> Colectarea datelor<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\na. Identificarea unor instrumente\/servicii online pentru recep\u021bionarea unor fluxuri de date create pe diferite criterii de interogare\/ filtrare.<br \/>\nb. Filtrarea fluxurilor RSS<br \/>\nc. Utilizarea unor instrumente specifice de colectare a datelor din surse diverse (html scraper, crawler).<br \/>\nd. Identificarea unor metode de normalizare a datelor pentru procesare uniform\u0103 (afi\u0219area \u00eentr-un format unitar, extragerea datelor \u00eentr-un format care poate fi utilizat \u00een aplica\u021bii de procesare).<\/li>\n<li><strong><em> Procesarea datelor<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\na. Stabilirea de categorii pe diferite domenii de interes<br \/>\nb. Utilizarea unor aplica\u021bii de traducere.<br \/>\nc. Editarea datelor.<br \/>\nd. Stocarea datelor.<br \/>\ne. Utilizarea unor aplica\u021bii pentru valorificarea (vizualizare\/ interpretare) unui num\u0103r mare de date (Ucinet, Gephi, ACH), acolo unde este nevoie.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em> Diseminarea informa\u021biilor<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\na. Utilizarea unor platforme colaborative \u00een care con\u021binutul poate fi publicat, completat \u0219i distribuit \u00eentre mai mul\u021bi utilizatori \u2013 \u00een parte, asta \u00eencerc\u0103m \u0219i dorim s\u0103 credem c\u0103 reu\u0219im, prin proiectul \u201dFii informat, nu abuzat!\u201d<br \/>\nb. Utilizarea unor servicii online de publicare\/transmitere de informa\u021bii (email, cloud storage- Dropbox, Googledrive, One Drive, webtransfer etc.)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em> Feedback<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nUtilizarea unor mecanisme (care pot fi automate) cu ajutorul c\u0103rora beneficiarii informa\u021biei pot genera un feedback (confirmarea recep\u021bion\u0103rii datelor, confirmarea informa\u021biilor, solicitarea unor date suplimentare)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00cen fiecare etap\u0103 un rol important \u00eel au instrumentele software\/ hardware utilizate.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em> Reg\u0103sirea datelor:<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\na. Identificarea resurselor (motoare de c\u0103utare, directoare web)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Motoare de c\u0103utare:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Google \u2013 www.google.com;<\/li>\n<li>Google Custom Search<\/li>\n<li>Yahoo \u2013 www.yahoo.com;<\/li>\n<li>Bing \u2013 www.bing.com;<\/li>\n<li>Exalead \u2013 www.exalead.com;<\/li>\n<li>Ask \u2013 www.ask.com;<\/li>\n<li>Factbites \u2013 www.factbites.com;<\/li>\n<li>Ixquick \u2013 www.ixquick.com;<\/li>\n<li>Searchedu \u2013 searchedu.com.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Metamotoare de c\u0103utare<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 interogheaz\u0103 bazele de date ale mai multor motoare de c\u0103utare \u015fi coroboreaz\u0103 rezultatele dup\u0103 algoritmi proprii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Metasearch&nbsp; \u2013 www.metasearch.com;<\/li>\n<li>Excite \u2013 http:\/\/excite.com;<\/li>\n<li>iBoogie \u2013 www.iboogie.tv;<\/li>\n<li>Dogpile \u2013 www.dogpile.com;<\/li>\n<li>Twingine \u2013 www.twingine.com.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Motoare de c\u0103utare speciale<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 sunt motoare specializate pe anumite medii (bloguri, filme, imagini etc.), respectiv&nbsp;domenii (juridic, literatur\u0103, \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 etc.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Medium<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Technorati \u2013 http:\/\/technorati.com;<\/li>\n<li>NewsNow \u2013 www.newsnow.co.uk;<\/li>\n<li>YouTube \u2013 www.youtube.com;<\/li>\n<li>Picsearch \u2013 http:\/\/www.picsearch.com\/.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Domenii<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Google scholar \u2013 scholar.google.com;<\/li>\n<li>gov Alliance \u2013 www.science.gov\/scigov;<\/li>\n<li>org \u2013 worldwidescience.org.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Motoare de c\u0103utare serial\u0103<\/strong>&nbsp;(Serial Search Engines) sunt softuri care interogheaz\u0103 mai multe motoare de c\u0103utare simple \u00een serie, f\u0103r\u0103 rescrierea interog\u0103rii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>TwinGine \u2013 twingine.com.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Motoare de clusterizare<\/strong>&nbsp;(Cluster Search Engines) organizeaz\u0103 rezultatele \u00een clustere\/ nuclee pe tematici interconectate sau av\u00e2nd con\u0163inut similar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carrot2 \u2013 search.carrot2.org\/stable\/search;<\/li>\n<li>com \u2013 www.webclust.com;<\/li>\n<li>Yippy (ex- Clusty, ex- Vivisimo)&nbsp; \u2013 yippy.com;<\/li>\n<li>iBoogie \u2013 www.iboogie.tv.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Motoare federative de c\u0103utare<\/strong>&nbsp;(Federated Search Engines) lanseaz\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103ri pe mai multe resurse simultan, deosebit de metamotorul care caut\u0103 prin indexuri statice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biznar beta \u2013 biznar.com\/biznar;<\/li>\n<li>ZACK Gateway \u2013 opus.tu-bs.de\/zack\/index.en.html;<\/li>\n<li>MetaCrawler \u2013 www.zoo.com\/Zoo-Site\/.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Motoare de c\u0103utare \u00een timp real<\/strong>&nbsp;(Real-Time Search Engines)\/ \u00een platformele de socializare (SNS Engines) sunt acele aplica\u0163ii care lanseaz\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103ri \u00een timp real, pe platformele de socializare.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Topsy \u2013 www.topsy.com;<\/li>\n<li>48ers \u2013 www.48ers.com;<\/li>\n<li>Sency \u2013 www.sency.com;<\/li>\n<li>Twitter advanced search \u2013 twitter.com\/#!\/search-advanced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Interogarea \u2013 metode de interogare complex\u0103 a motoarelor de c\u0103utare<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Operatori<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>AND&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2013 permite c\u0103utarea a mai mult de un concept sau termen simultan; to\u0163i termenii trebuie s\u0103 fie prezen\u0163i \u00een document. Orice spa\u0163iu folosit \u00een linia de interogare reprezint\u0103 operatorul AND.<\/li>\n<li><strong>OR<\/strong>\u2013 permite c\u0103utarea oric\u0103ruia dintre termenii introdu\u015fi; poate fi folosit \u201e|\u201d (bar\u0103 vertical\u0103) \u00een loc de OR.<\/li>\n<li><strong>NOT (-)<\/strong>\u2013 exclude din c\u0103utare rezultatele ce con\u0163in \u015fi un termen\/ concept nedorit.<\/li>\n<li><strong>( )<\/strong>\u2013 permite gruparea cuvintelor sau a frazelor \u00een cadrul c\u0103ut\u0103rilor complexe \u00een vederea stabilirii ordinii de filtrare a rezultatelor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Operatori de c\u0103utare<\/strong>&nbsp;(interogare)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intext (intext:)<\/strong>\u2013 returneaz\u0103 acele pagini care au doar \u00een text cuv\u00e2ntul folosit ca \u015fi criteriu de selec\u0163ie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Allintext (allintext:)&nbsp;<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la pagini con\u0163in\u00e2nd anumite cuvinte \u00een text, dar nu \u015fi \u00een titlu, descrierea leg\u0103turii sau URL.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intitle (intitle:)<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la documente al c\u0103ror titlu con\u0163ine anumite cuvinte.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Allintitle (allintitle:)<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la pagini ale c\u0103ror titluri con\u0163in toate cuvintele specificate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Site (site:)<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la un domeniu sau site specificat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inurl (inurl:)<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la site-uri ale c\u0103ror URL-uri con\u0163in anumite cuvinte.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Allinurl (allinurl:)<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la site-uri ale c\u0103ror URL-uri con\u0163in toate cuvintele specificate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Filetype\/ ext (filetype:\/ ext:)<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la documente de un anumit tip.<\/li>\n<li>Exemplu: Sintaxa cercetare filetype:pdf va returna fi\u015fiere PDF con\u0163in\u00e2nd cuv\u00e2ntul cercetare.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Link (link:)<\/strong>\u2013 restric\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii la site-uri ce con\u0163in link\/hyperlink-uri c\u0103tre o loca\u0163ie anume.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Related (related:)<\/strong>\u2013 afi\u015feaz\u0103 pagini legate de un anumit site, \u00een general, prin tematic\u0103 \u015fi con\u0163inut.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong><em> Colectarea datelor<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\na. Identificarea unor instrumente\/servicii online pentru recep\u021bionarea unor fluxuri de date create pe diferite criterii de interogare\/ filtrare.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>RSS<\/li>\n<li>IfThisThanThat (https:\/\/ifttt.com\/)<\/li>\n<li>Google alerts<\/li>\n<li>TalkWalker Alerts (http:\/\/www.talkwalker.com\/)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Filtrarea fluxurilor RSS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Zapier\u2019s RSS feeds<\/li>\n<li>YahooQueryLanguage YQL<\/li>\n<li>Google scripts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Utilizarea unor instrumente specifice de colectare a datelor din surse diverse (html scraper, crawler).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Outwithub (http:\/\/www.outwit.com\/)<\/li>\n<li>Custom scraper\/crawler<\/li>\n<li>YTvideoDownloader<\/li>\n<li>NetvideoHunter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Identificarea unor metode de normalizarea a datelor pentru procesare uniform\u0103 (afi\u0219area \u00eentr-un format unitar, extragerea datelor \u00eentr-un format care poate fi utilizat \u00een aplica\u021bii de procesare).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Normalizarea datelor afi\u0219ate \u00een browser<\/li>\n<li>RSS feeds \u2013 in format XML<\/li>\n<li>GraphSearch-Facebook interog\u0103ri complexe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Interog\u0103ri de tip:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/search\/fb_user_ID\/friends<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/search\/fb_user_ID\/friends\/fb_user_ID\/friends\/intersect<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/search\/fb_group_ID\/members<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/search\/fb_group_ID\/members\/fb_group_ID\/members\/intersect<\/li>\n<li>Outwithub (http:\/\/www.outwit.com\/)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong><em> Procesarea datelor<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\na. Stabilirea de categorii pe diferite domenii de interes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Google alerts<\/li>\n<li>Google script<\/li>\n<li>YQL (YahooQueryLanguage)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Utilizarea unor aplica\u021bii de traducere.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Google Translate (https:\/\/translate.google.ro\/)<\/li>\n<li>2Linguale (2linguale.com)<\/li>\n<li>Systran online (http:\/\/www.systransoft.com\/)<\/li>\n<li>Babylon Translate (http:\/\/translation.babylon.com\/)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Editarea datelor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Editoare de text (MS Word, Open Office, Libre Office)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Stocarea datelor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Solu\u021bii cloud, sisteme hardware de reten\u021bie a datelor cu politici complexe de asigurare a fiabilit\u0103\u021bii, redundan\u021bei \u0219i siguran\u021bei datelor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Utilizarea unor aplica\u021bii pentru valorificarea (vizualizare\/ interpretare) unui num\u0103r mare de date (Ucinet, Gephi, ACH).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Ucinet, Gephi, ACH, Social Network Visualizer (SocNetV), Adjacency, EdgeList, GML,&nbsp;Pajek,&nbsp;Facebook Visualization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong><em> Diseminarea informa\u021biilor<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Utilizarea unor platforme colaborative \u00een care con\u021binutul poate fi publicat, completat \u0219i distribuit \u00eentre mai mul\u021bi utilizatori<\/li>\n<li>Utilizarea unor servicii online de publicare\/transmitere de informa\u021bii (email, cloud storage- Dropbox, Googledrive, One Drive, webtransfer etc.)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em> Feedback<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Utilizarea unor mecanisme (automate) cu ajutorul c\u0103rora beneficiarii informa\u021biei pot genera un feedback (confirmarea recep\u021bion\u0103rii datelor, confirmarea informa\u021biilor, solicitarea unor date suplimentare)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><u>Note de final<\/u><\/em><\/strong><em><u>:<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Acest ghid este utilizabil, inclusiv \u00een realizarea de analize (cu prec\u0103dere, \u00een domeniul afacerilor) ce au la baz\u0103 informa\u021bii din surse deschise.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Instrumentele indicate \u00een prezentul text de ghid sunt, \u00een propor\u021bie de peste 95%, gratuite pentru utilizatori.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Ghidul a fost realizat ca urmare a mai multor ani de activitate, studiu, experien\u021be (ale autoarei \u0219i ale altor speciali\u0219ti cu expertiz\u0103 validat\u0103 \u00een timp).<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fenomenul Fake-News sun\u0103 incitant \u0219i produce efecte. \u00cen realitate este un fenomen de dezinformare care cre\u0219te rapid pentru c\u0103 \u0219i informa\u021bia circul\u0103 mult mai rapid. Realiz\u0103m acest material pentru c\u0103,&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7840,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[652,3],"tags":[83,521,741,159,520,503,522,523],"class_list":["post-7095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fii-informat-nu-abuzat","category-stiri","tag-abuzuri-2","tag-dezinformare","tag-drepturile-cetanilor","tag-facias","tag-fake-news","tag-ghid-practic","tag-informatii","tag-utilizarea-informatiilor"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ghid practic: contracarare fake news \/ dezinformare- identificare, validare \u0219I utilizarea informa\u021biilor reale \u0219i utile | FACIAS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/facias.ro\/eng\/ghid-practic-contracarare-fake-news-dezinformare-identificare-validare-si-utilizarea-informatiilor-reale-si-utile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ghid practic: contracarare fake news \/ dezinformare- identificare, validare \u0219I utilizarea informa\u021biilor reale \u0219i utile | FACIAS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Fenomenul Fake-News sun\u0103 incitant \u0219i produce efecte. \u00cen realitate este un fenomen de dezinformare care cre\u0219te rapid pentru c\u0103 \u0219i informa\u021bia circul\u0103 mult mai rapid. 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